This collection is supplementary to Carle et al. (2025), Aboveground biomass in Australian tropical forests now net carbon source, Nature. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-09497-8. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09497-8 Please cite both the dataset DOI and the article DOI when using these data. We use long-term forest inventory data (1971–2019) from Australian moist tropical forests and a causal inference framework to assess the carbon balance of woody aboveground standing biomass over time, the demographic processes accounting for it, and its climatic drivers, including cyclones. The collection contains five separate dataset items: Plot-level summary census data and aboveground biomass estimates (AGB_QPRP-CSIRO_plotwise_Carle.csv): Raw plot-level census data and aboveground biomass estimates. Plot-level summary climate data (climate_plotwise_Carle.csv): Plot-wise climate summaries. Geographic locations of the QPRP-CSIRO plots (geographic_locations_Carle.csv): Locations of QPRP–CSIRO plots. Cyclone dates in the QPRP-CSIRO plots (cyclone_dates_Carle.csv): Cyclone events affecting QPRP–CSIRO plots. Metadata file: Detailed information describing the variables, methods, and contents of all four datasets.